Objetivo: Diferentes trabajos constatan que el perfil hormonal varía de forma específica en función del tipo de ejercicio y de su magnitud. El estado emocional se ha estudiado mediante diferentes herramientas en relación a la carga de entrenamiento, probablemente la más empleada sea el cuestionario POMS (‘Profile of mood states’). La presente investigación estudia la respuesta de la testosterona total (TT), el cortisol (C) y la ratio testosterona total-cortisol (RTTC) en relación al estado emocional (sub-escalas del POMS) en un equipo profesional de baloncesto a lo largo de una temporada deportiva. Procedimiento: Se tomaron 7 muestras de sangre, cada 4-6 semanas, a las 8:00-9:00 AM, en ayunas y tras 24-36 horas de recuperación post-partido, en un equipo profesional de baloncesto de la 1ª división española (n=10; 26.0 ± 4.6 años; 90.9 ± 9.7 kg; 195.7 ± 8.4 cm; 23.7 ± 1.2 IMC; 13.1 ± 2.2% graso). Resultados: Se obtiene un aumento significativo de la TT y el C en septiembre -2ª extracción- comparado con agosto -1ª extracción- (TT: +2.8 nMol•L-1, p=0.030; C: +0.093 µMol•L-1, p=0.040). No se observan cambios significativos en ninguna de las sub-escalas del POMS y en el análisis correlacional entre sub-escalas y TT, C y RTTC no se obtienen relaciones destacables. Conclusiones: No se encuentra grandes relaciones (r>0.7) entre las variables hormonales estudiadas y las sub-escalas del cuestionario POMS. Consideramos el POMS una herramienta poco adecuada para evaluar el estado de recuperación del deportista, pero muy válida para controlar el nivel de estrés emocional.

Abstract

Aim: Different studies find that hormonal profile specifically varies depending on the type of exercise and its magnitude. Mood state has been studied using different tools in relation to training load, the most used one is POMS (Profile of Mood States) questionnaire. This research studies the response of total testosterone (TT), cortisol (C) and total testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (RTTC) in relation to mood state (POMS subscales) in a professional basketball team during a season. Methods: Blood samples were taken every 4-6 weeks (7 samples), at 8:00-9:00 AM, in fasting state and after 24 to 36 hours post-game, on a professional basketball team of the Spanish 1st Division (n=10; 26.0 ± 4.6 years; 90.9 ± 9.7 kg; 195.7 ± 8.4 cm; BMI 23.7 ± 1.2; 13.1 ± 2.2% fat). Results: We obtained a significant increase in TT and C in september -2nd sample- compared to august -1st sample- (TT: +2.8 nMol•L-1, p=0.030; C: +0.093 µMol•L-1, p=0.040). No significant changes were observed in any of the POMS subscales, and in the correlation between subscales analysis, and no correlation coefficient greater than 0.7 was obtained among subscales and hormonal variables. Conclusions: No relationship was found between the studied hormonal variables and the POMS subscales. We consider the POMS questionnaire an inadequate tool to evaluate the athletes recovery state, but a really good one to control the psychological stress level.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2013.03404

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Referencias/references

Argus, C.; Gill, N.; Keogh, J.; Hopkins, W., & Beaven, C. (2009). Changes in strength, power, and steroid hormones during a professional rugby union competition. J Strength Cond Res, 23(5), 1583-1592
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a392d9
PMid:19620903

Banfi, G., & Dolci, A. (2006). Free testosterone/cortisol ratio in soccer: usefulness of a categorization of values. J Sports Med Phys Fit, 46(4), 611-616
PMid:17119528

Banfi, G.; Marinelli, M.; Roi, G.S., & Agape, V. (1993). Usefulness of free testosterone/cortisol ratio during a season of elite speed skating athletes. Int J Sports Med, 14, 373-379
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021195
PMid:8244603

Bresciani, G.; Cuevas, M. J.; Garatachea, N.; Molinero, O.; Almar, M.; De Paz, J.A., et al. (2010). Monitoring biological and psychological measures throughout an entire season in male handball players. Eur J Sports Sci, 10(6), 377-384
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391003699070

Bresciani, G.; Cuevas, M.J.; Molinero, O.; Almar, M.; Suay, F.; Salvador, A., et al. (2011). Signs of overload after an intensified training. Int J Sports Med, 32(5), 338-343
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1271764
PMid:21380974

Buchheit, M.; Bishop, D.; Haydar, B.; Nakamura, F.Y., & Ahmaidi, S. (2010). Physiological responses to shuttle Repeated-Sprint running. Int J Sports Med, 31, 402-409
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1249620
PMid:20422503

Busso, T.; Hakkinen, K.; Pakarinen, A.; Kauhanen, H.; Komi, P., & Lacour, J. (1992). Hormonal adaptations and modelled responses in elite weightlifters during 6 weeks of training. Eur J Appl Physiol, 64, 381-386
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636228

Carré, J.M.; McCormick, C.M., & Hariri, A.R. (2011). The social neuroendocrinology of human aggression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(7), 935-944
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.001
PMid:21367531

Coutts, A.; Reaburn, P.; Piva, T., & Rowsell, G. (2007). Monitoring for overreaching in rugby league players. Eur J Appl Physiol, 99(3), 313-324
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0345-z
PMid:17219174

Crewther, B.T.; Cook, C.; Cardinale, M.; Weatherby, R.P., & Lowe, T. (2011). Two Emerging Concepts for Elite Athletes: The Short-Term Effects of Testosterone and Cortisol on the Neuromuscular System and the Dose-Response Training Role of these Endogenous Hormones. Sports Med, 41(2), 103-123
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11539170-000000000-00000
PMid:21244104

Cunniffe, B.; Hore, A.; Whitcombe, D.; Jones, K.; Baker, J., & Davies, B. (2010). Time course of changes in immuneoendocrine markers following an international rugby game. Eur J Appl Physiol, 108(1), 113-122
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1200-9
PMid:19756700

Daniels, S.R.; Khoury, P.R., & Morrison, J.A. (1997). The Utility of Body Mass Index as a Measure of Body Fatness in Children and Adolescents: Differences by Race and Gender. Pediatrics, 99(6), 804-807
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.6.804
PMid:9164773

Duclos, M.; Gouarne, C., & Bonnemaison, D. (2003). Acute and chronic effects of exercise on tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. J Appl Physiol, 94, 869-875
PMid:12433870

Duclos, M.; Guinot, M., & Le Bouc, Y. (2007). Cortisol and GH: odd and controversial ideas. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 32(5), 895–903
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/H07-064
PMid:18059614

Filaire, E.; Bernain, X.; Sagnol, M., & G., L. (2001). Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone:cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team. Eur J Appl Physiol, 86(2), 179-184
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210100512
PMid:11822478

Fry, A.; Grove, J.; Morton, A.; Zeroni, P.; Gauderi, S., & Keast, D. (1994). Psychological and immunological correlates of acute overtraining. Br J Sports Med, 28(4), 241-246
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.28.4.241
PMid:7894955 PMCid:PMC1332084

Fry, R.; Morton, A., & Keast, D. (1991). Overtraining in athletes. An update. Sports Med., 12(1), 32-65
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112010-00004
PMid:1925188

Fukuda, S., & Morimoto, K. (2001). Lifestyle, Stress and Cortisol Response: Review II. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 6, 15-21
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02897304
PMid:21432232 PMCid:PMC2723649

González-Bono, E.; Salvador, A.; Ricarte, J.; Serrano, M.A., & Arnedo, M. (2000). Testosterone and attribution of successful competition. Aggressive Behav, 26(3), 235-240
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:3<235::AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-L

González-Bono, E.; Salvador, A.; Serrano, M.A.; Moya-Albiol, L., & Martínez-Sanchis, S. (2002a). Effects of Training Volume on Hormones and Mood in Basketball Players. Int J Stress Management, 9(4), 263-273
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019978115419

González-Bono, E.; Salvador, A.; Serrano, M.A.; Moya-Albiol, L., & Martínez-Sanchis, S. (2002b). Salivary testosterone and cortisol responses to cycle ergometry in basketball players with different training volume. J Psychophysiol, 16(3), 158-161
http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.3.158

González-Bono, E.; Salvador, A.; Serrano, M.A., & Ricarte, J. (1999). Testosterone, Cortisol, and Mood in a Sports Team Competition. Horm Behav, 35(1), 55-62
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.1998.1496
PMid:10049603

Gorostiaga, E.M.; Izquierdo, M.; Ruesta, M.; Iribarren, J.; González-Badillo, J. J., & Ibá-ez, J. (2004). Strength training effects on physical performance and serum hormones in young soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol, 91(5), 698-707
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-1032-y
PMid:14704801

Gouarné, C.; Groussard, C.; Gratas-Delamarche, A.; Delamarche, P., & Duclos, M. (2005). Overnight urinary cortisol and cortisone add new insights into adaptation to training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37(7), 1157-1167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000170099.10038.3b
PMid:16015133

Hackney, A., & Viru, A. (2008). Research methodology: endocrinologic measurements in exercise science and sports medicine. J Athl Train., 43(6), 631–639
http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.6.631
PMid:19030142 PMCid:PMC2582556

Häkkinen, K.; Pakarinen, A.; Alén, M.; Kauhanen, H., & Komi, P.V. (1988). Daily hormonal and neuromuscular responses to intensive strength training in 1 week. Int J Sports Med, 9(6), 422-428
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1025044
PMid:3253232

Haus, E. (2007). Chronobilogy in the endocrine system. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 59, 985-1014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.01.001
PMid:17804113

He, C.; Tsai, M.L.; Ko, M.H.; Chang, C.K., & Fang, S.H. (2010). Relationships among salivary immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin and cortisol in basketball players during a basketball season. Eur J Appl Physiol, 110(5), 989-995
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1574-8
PMid:20668874

Hoffman, J.; Kang, J.; Ratamess, N., & Faigenbaum, A. (2005). Biochemical and hormonal responses during an intercollegiate football season. Med Sci Sport Exerc, 37(7), 1237-1241
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000170068.97498.26

Hoffman, J.R.; Bar-Eli, M., & Tenenbaum, G. (1999). An examination of mood changes and performance in a professional basketball team. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39(1), 74-79
PMid:10230174

Hoogeveen, A., & Zonderland, M. (1996). Relationships between testosterone, cortisol and performance in professional cyclists. Int J Sports Med, 17, 423-428
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972872
PMid:8884416

Hooper, S.; Mackinnon, L.T., & Howard, A. (1999). Physiological and psychometric variables for monitoring recovery during tapering for major competition. Med Sci Sport Exer, 31(8), 1205-1210
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199908000-00019

Hopkins, W.; Marshall, S.; Batterham, A., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41, 3-13
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
PMid:19092709

Hough, J. P.; Papacosta, E.; Wraith, E., & Gleeson, M. (2011). Plasma and salivary steroid hormone responses of men to high-intensity cycling and resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res, 25(1), 23-31
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fef8e7
PMid:21157386

Houmard, J.A.; Costill, D.L.; Mitchell, J.B.; Park, S.H.; Fink, W.J., & Burns, J.M. (1990). Testosterone, cortisol, and creatine kinase levels in male distance runners during reduced training. Int J Sports Med, 11, 41–45
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024760
PMid:2180832

Kraemer, W.; Spiering, B.A.; Volek, J.S.; Martin, G.J.; Howard, R.L.; Ratamess, N.A., et al. (2009). Recovery from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football game: muscle damage and hormonal status. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1), 2–10
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819306f2
PMid:19077734

Kraemer, W.J., & Ratamess, N.A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med., 35(4), 339-361
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00004
PMid:15831061

Mäestu, J.; Jürimäe, J., & Jürimäe, T. (2005). Monitoring of performance and training in rowing. Sport Med, 35, 597-617
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535070-00005
PMid:16026173

Martínez, A.C.; Seco, J.; Tur, J.A.; Abecia, L.C.; Orella, E.E., & Biescas, A.P. (2010). Testosterone and Cortisol Changes in Professional Basketball Players Through a Season Competition. J Strength Cond Res, 24(4), 1102-1108
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ce2423
PMid:20375720

Maso, F.; Lac, G.; Filaire, E.; Michaux, O., & Robert, A. (2004). Salivary testosterone and cortisol in rugby players: correlation with psychological overtraining items. Brit J Sport Med, 38(3), 260-263
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2002.000254
PMCid:PMC1724841

McNair, D.M.; Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1992). Manual for the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Revised. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
PMCid:PMC2571646

Meeusen, R.; Duclos, M.; Gleeson, M.; Rietjens, G.; Steinacker, J., & Urhausen, A. (2006). Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome. Eur J Sports Sci, 6(1), 1-14
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461390600617717

Meriggiola, M.; Noonan, E.; Paulsen, C., & Bremner, W. (1996). Annual patterns of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and inhibin in normal men. Hum Reprod, 11(2), 248-252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/HUMREP/11.2.248
PMid:8671203

Moore, C.A., & Fry, A.C. (2007). Nonfunctional overreaching during off-season training for skill position players in collegiate American football. J Strength Cond Res., 21(3), 793-800
PMid:17685717

Moreira, A.; Arsati, F.; de Oliveira Lima Arsati, Y.; da Silva, D., & de Araújo, V. (2009). Salivary cortisol in top-level professional soccer players. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 25-30
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-0984-y
PMid:19159948

Morgan, W.P.; Brown, D.R.; Raglin, J.S.; O'Connor, P.J., & Ellickson, K.A. (1987). Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. Brit J Sport Med, 21(3), 107-114
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.21.3.107

Morgan, W.P.; Costill, D.L.; Flynn, M.G.; Raglin, J.S., & O'Connor, P.J. (1988). Mood disturbance following increased training in swimmers. Med Sci Sport Exer, 20(4), 408-414
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198808000-00014

Mujika, I.; Chatard, J.; Padilla, S.; Guezennec, C., & Geyssant, A. (1996). Hormonal responses to training and it's tapering off in competitive swimmers: relationships with performance. Eur J Appl Physiol, 74, 361-366
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226933

Mujika, I.; Padilla, S.; Pyne, D., & Busso, T. (2004). Physiological changes associated with the pre-event taper in athletes. Sports Med, 34(13), 891-927
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434130-00003
PMid:15487904

Pierce, E.F. (2002). Relationship between training volume and mood state in competitive swimmers during a 24-week season. Percept Mot Skills, 94(3 Pt 1), 1009-1012
PMid:12081260

Rosner, W.; Auchus, R.J.; Azziz, R.; Sluss, P.M., & Raff, H. (2007). Utility, Limitations, and Pitfalls in Measuring Testosterone: An Endocrine Society Position Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92(2), 405-413
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1864
PMid:17090633

Salvador, A.; Suay, F.; Gonzalez-Bono, E., & Serrano, M.A. (2003). Anticipatory cortisol, testosterone and psychological responses to judo competition in young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 364-375
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00028-8

Seidman, D.; Dolev, E.; Deuster, P.; Burstein, R.; Arnon, R., & Epstein, Y. (1990). Androgenic response to long-term physical training in male subjects. Int J Sports Med, 11(6), 421-424
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024831
PMid:2286479

Svartberg, J.; Jorde, R.; Sundsfjord, J.; Bonaa, K.H., & Barrett-Connor, E. (2003). Seasonal variation of testosterone and waist to hip ratio in men: the Tromsø study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88(7), 3099–3104
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021878
PMid:12843149

Tanskanen, M.; Kyröläinen, H.; Uusitalo, A.; Huovinen, J.; Nissilä, J.; Kinnunen, H., et al. (2011). Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and cortisol concentrations are associated with overreaching during strenuous military training. J Strength Cond Res, 25(3), 787-797
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c1fa5d
PMid:20543745

Tremblay, M.S.; Copeland, J.L., & Van Helder, W. (2003). Effect of training status and exercise mode on endogenous steroid hormones in men. J Appl Physiol, 96(2), 531-539
http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00656.2003
PMid:14514704

Urhausen, A.; Gabriel, H., & Kindermann, W. (1995). Blood hormones as markers of training stress and overtraining. Sports Med., 20(4), 251-276
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520040-00004
PMid:8584849

Urhausen, A., & Kindermann, W. (2002). Diagnosis of Overtraining: What Tools Do We Have? Sports Med, 32(2), 95-102
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232020-00002
PMid:11817995

Van Uytfanghe, K.; Stockl, D.; Kaufman, J.M.; Fiers, T.; Ross, H. A.; De Leenheer, A. P., et al. (2004). Evaluation of a candidate reference measurement procedure for serum free testosterone based on ultrafiltration and isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clin Chem, 50(11), 2101-2110
http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.037358
PMid:15375014

Vervoorn, C.; Quist, A.; Vermulst, L.; Erich; de Vries, W., & Thijssen, J. (1991). The behaviour of the plasma free testosterone/cortisol ratio during a season of elite rowing training. Int J Sports Med, 12, 257-263
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024677
PMid:1889932

Viru, A.; Hackney, A.; Välja, E.; Karelson, K.; Janson, T., & Viru, M. (2001). Influence of prolonged continuous exercise on hormone responses to subsequent exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol, 85(6), 578-585
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210100498
PMid:11718288

Viru, A., & Viru, M. (2001). Biochemical monitoring of sport training. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
PMid:11718288

---------------------------------------------------------------------

 

 

hormonas; estado emocional; baloncesto; elite; hormones; basketball elite; mood state; performance.