El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las variables cinéticas y el stiffness vertical de jóvenes bailarinas de ballet en la realización de un salto vertical. 16 adolescentes andaluzas participaron en este estudio. Ocho de ellas eran bailarinas de ballet (15,00 ± 1,07 años) que se encontraban cursando las enseñanzas profesionales de Danza Clásica y las otras ocho eran chicas sedentarias (15,13 ± 1,36 años). Ejecutaron dos tipos distintos de saltos verticales, salto vertical con contramovimiento (CMJ) y salto Abalakov (ABK), y se analizaron las variables cinéticas y el stiffness vertical. Los resultados muestran que las bailarinas no tienen una buena utilización de las extremidades superiores, pues su altura del salto aumentó únicamente un 5,96% en el salto ABK, a diferencia de las sedentarias en las que aumentó un 22,25%. En el CMJ se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en la altura del salto, la fuerza media, el pico de fuerza, el impulso de aceleración, la potencia media, el pico de potencia y el stiffness vertical normalizado (p < 0,01), así como en la duración del impulso de aceleración y el stiffness vertical (p < 0,05). Estos resultados demuestran que las bailarinas tienen mayor capacidad impulsiva que las sedentarias. Además, su alto valor del stiffness vertical puede ser indicador de una buena utilización del ciclo estiramiento-acortamiento y podría ser la causa o el efecto de esa mayor capacidad impulsiva. Serían interesantes futuros trabajos que comparen las bailarinas con otros grupos de deportistas incluyendo valores del stiffness vertical.

Abstract

The aim of the current study was to analyze kinetic variables and vertical stiffness of young female ballet dancers during a vertical jump. 16 adolescent female Andalusian subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Eight were female ballet dancers (15.00 ± 1.07 years) following professional ballet classes and eight were sedentary female subjects (15.13 ± 1.36 years). They performed two types of vertical jumps, countermovement jump (CMJ) and countermovement jump with arm swing or Abalakov jump (ABK), and kinetic variables and vertical stiffness were analyzed. Results show that ballet dancers do not have an appropriate use of arm swings because the height of the jump increased only by 5.96% while the increase in sedentary subjects was of 22.25%. Significant differences in CMJ were found between both groups in jump height, average force, peak force, acceleration impulse, average power, peak power and normalized vertical stiffness (p < 0.01), as well as in length of the acceleration impulse and vertical stiffness (p < 0.05). These results show that female ballet dancers are more impulsive than female sedentary subjects. In addition, their high vertical stiffness value may indicate a good use of the stretch-shortening cycle and could be the cause or the effect of that impulsiveness. Future studies are required to compare female ballet dancers with other types of female athletes including vertical stiffness values.

https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2021.06301

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