El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la evolución en la condición física de árbitros de fútbol medida a través de la capacidad cardiovascular, la capacidad de salto vertical y la capacidad de aceleración durante tres temporadas distintas. El estudio longitudinal se realizó durante las temporadas 2008-2009, 2009-2010 y 2010-2011. La muestra final seleccionada para participar en este estudio fue de 16 árbitros (edad = 28,37 ± 5,3 años, estatura = 1,77 ± 0,23 m, masa = 74,48 ± 8,18 kg, grasa corporal = 13,37 ± 3,72%) pertenecientes a distintas categorías del fútbol español. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el consumo máximo de oxígeno estimado (VO2maxE) ni en el tiempo de agotamiento (TAGOT) en el test de resistencia a lo largo de las tres temporadas en los árbitros de fútbol. Sin embargo, la capacidad de aceleración tanto en 5 m como en 15 m empeoró significativamente (p < 0,01, TE > 0,8) a lo largo de las distintas temporadas. De la misma forma, la capacidad del ciclo estiramiento-acortamiento muscular de las extremidades inferiores mostró una tendencia a empeorar (TE = 0,53-0,76) con el paso del tiempo. La perdida de rendimiento en la capacidad de aceleración y en la capacidad del ciclo estiramiento-acortamiento muscular de las extremidades inferiores nos puede llevar a pensar en la necesidad de implementar programas específicos para su mejora en árbitros de fútbol.

The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of the physical fitness of soccer referees measured by cardiovascular capacity, vertical jumping ability and acceleration capacity for three different seasons. The longitudinal study was conducted over the 2008-2009, 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons. The final sample selected to participate in this study was 16 referees (age = 28.37 ± 5.3 years, height = 1.77 ± 0.23 m, mass = 74.48 ± 8.18 kg, body fat = 13.37 ± 3.72%) belonging to different categories of Spanish soccer league. No significant differences in the estimated VO2max or time to exhaustion (TAGOT) in the endurance test over the three seasons were found in soccer referee. However, the ability to accelerate both 5 m and 15 m significantly worse (p < 0.01, ES > 0.8) along the different seasons. Likewise, the ability of the muscle stretch-shortening cycle of the lower extremities showed a worsening trend over time (ES = 0.53 to 0.76). The loss of performance acceleration capacity and muscle stretch-shortening cycle of the lower extremities capacity can lead us to think about the need to implement specific training programs for improving soccer referees.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2014.03804

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Referencias/references

Bobbert, M. F., & Casius, L. J. (2005). Is the effect of a countermovement on jump height due to active state development? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 440–446.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000155389.34538.97
 
Bosco, C., & Komi, P. V. (1978), Mechanical characteristics and fiber composition of human leg extensor muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 41(4), 275-284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429744
 
Bosco, C.; Komi, P. V.; Tihanyi, J.; Fekete, G., & Apor, P. (1983), Mechanical power test and fiber composition of human leg extensor muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 51(1), 129-135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00952545
 
Cámara, J.; Grande, I.; Mejuto, G.; Los Arcos, A., & Yanci, J. (2013). Jump landing characteristics in elite soccer players with cerebral palsy. Biology of Sport, 30(2):91-95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1044223
 
Casajús, J.A., & Castagna, C. (2007). Aerobic fitness and field test performance in elite Spanish soccer referees of different ages. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 10(6), 382-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.08.004
 
Castagna, C., & D'Ottavio, S. (2001). Effect of maximal aerobic power on match performance in elite soccer referees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15 (4), 420-425.
 
Castagna, C.; Abt, G., & D'Ottavio, S. (2005). Competitive-level differences in Yo-Yo intermittent recovery and twelve minute run test performance in soccer referees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(4), 805-809.
 
Castagna, C.; Abt, G., & D'Ottavio, S. (2007). Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports Medicine, 37, 625-646.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00006
 
Castagna, C.; Impellizzeri, F. M.; Rampinini, E.; D'Ottavio, S., & Manzi, V. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test in basketball players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(2), 202-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.02.013
 
Castagna, C., & Castellini, E. (2013). Vertical jump performance in Italian male and female national team soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(4), 1156–1161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182610999
 
Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 
D'Ottavio, S., & Castagna, C. (2001). Analysis of match activities in elite soccer referees during actual match play. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(2), 167-171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015<0167:AOMAIE>2.0.CO;2
 
González-Montesinos, J.L.; Caraballo-Vidal, I.; Gómez-Espinosa de los Monteros, R.; Fernández-Santos, J., y Román-Bazán, M. A. (2010). Propuesta para calcular el índice de elasticidad máxima en miembros inferiores. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 10(39), 356-368.
 
Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2001). Physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing in relation to physical capacity: effect of intense intermittent exercise training. Journal of Sports Science, 19, 881-891.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404101753113831
 
Krustrup, P.; Helsen.; W.; Randers, M. B.; Christensen, J. F.; MacDonald, C.; Rebelo, A. N., & Bangsbo, J. (2009). Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. Journal of Sports Science, 27(11), 1167-1176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903220310
 
Léger, L., & Boucher, R. (1980). An indirect continuous running multistage field test: the Université de Montréal track test. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science, 5(2), 77-84.
 
Magal, M.; Smith, R. T.; Dyer, J. J., & Hoffman, J. R. (2009). Seasonal variation in physical performance-related variables in male NCAA Division III soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2555-2559.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3ddbf
 
Mallo, J.; Navarro, E.; García-Aranda, J. M., & Helsen, W. (2009). Physical demands of top-class soccer assistant refereeing during high-standard matches. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(5), 331-336.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1202339
 
Markovic, G.; Dizdar, D.; Jukic, I., & Cardinale, M. (2004). Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(3), 551-555.
 
Maulder, P., & Cronin, J. (2005). Horizontal and vertical assessment: reliability, symmetry, discriminative and predictive ability. Physical Therapy and Sport, 6, 74-82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2005.01.001
 
McGuigan, M. R.; Doyle, T. L.; Newton, M.; Edwards, D. J.; Nimphius, S., & Newton, R. U. (2006). Eccentric utilization ratio: Effect of sport and phase of training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20, 992–995.
 
Mendiguchia, J.; Los Arcos, A.; Garrues, M. A.; Myer, G. D.; Yanci, J., & Idoate, F. (2013). The use of MRI to evaluate posterior thigh muscle activity and damage during nordic hamstring exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(12): 3426–3435.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828fd3e7
 
Oliveira, R. S.; Leicht, A. S.; Bishop, D.; Barbero-Álvarez, J. C., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2013). Seasonal changes in physical performance and heart rate variability in high level futsal players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(5), 424-430.
 
Weston, M.; Castagna, C.; Impellizzeri, F. M.; Rampinini, E., & Breivik, S. (2010). Ageing and physical match performance in English Premier League soccer referees. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(1), 96-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.07.009
 
Weston, M.; Drust, B., & Gregson, W. (2011). Intensities of exercise during match-play in FA Premier League referees and players. Journal of Sports Science, 29(5), 527-532.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.543914
 
Weston, M.; Gregson, W.; Castagna, C.; Breivik, S.; Impellizzeri, F. M., & Lovell, R. J. (2011). Changes in a top-level soccer referee's training, match activities, and physiology over an 8-year period: a case study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 6(2), 281-286.
 
Weston, M.; Castagna, C.; Impellizzeri, F. M.; Bizzini, M.; Williams, A. M., & Gregson, W. (2012). Science and medicine applied to soccer refereeing: an update. Sports Medicine, 42, 615-631.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11632360-000000000-00000
 
Yanci, J., y Los Arcos, A. (2013). Evolución del rendimiento aeróbico y anaeróbico en futbolistas profesionales tras la pretemporada. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 24(8), 207-215.