Surfing is today a popular sport which has been studied from many disciplines. Surfing expanded from U.S. to the rest of the world. With respect to history of (sport) surfing, there were at least two fundamental topics which need to be explored and developed: I) Explore the genesis of surfing in Europe. II) Develop a theoretical framework on the history of surfing expansion since this field has remained almost neglected up until now. This article is the first attempt to develop a theoretical framework of surfing expansion. In doing so, it will be focused on the genesis of surfing in Europe in general, but concretely Spain as a case study. The first step was to examine the origins of surfing and its expansion before arriving to Spain (Australia, Peru, Britain, France and Portugal). Later on, it was needed to determine who were the pioneers in Spain, and how, when and where they “discovered” surfing, and thus how, when and where they obtained or made their surfboards. After comparing all the information, it has been possible to formulate a theoretical framework and make a classification according to four types or patterns of surfing genesis, based on the various forms of foreign influence: 1) endogenous genesis (no foreign influence); 2) quasi-endogenous (foreign influence through mass-media, yet pioneers made their own surfboards); 3) exogenous (surfing began as a result of direct contact with foreigners); 4) mixed. 

Resumen

El surf es en la actualidad un deporte estudiado desde muy diversas disciplinas. El surf se expandió desde EEUU al resto del mundo. Con respecto a la historia del surf (y del deporte) hay al menos dos aspectos fundamentales que necesitan ser explorados y trabajados: I) Explorar la génesis del surf en Europa; II) Iniciar la creación de un marco teórico sobre la expansión del surf, aspecto éste abandonado hasta el momento. Este artículo se trata del primer intento que se propone tal reto. Así, este trabajo se enfoca en la génesis del surf en Europa en general, y concretamente España como estudio de caso. El primer paso fue examinar los orígenes el surf y su expansión antes de llegar a España (Australia, Peru, Gran Brataña, Francia y Portugal). Posteriormente, se determina quiénes fueron los pioneros en España, y cómo, dónde y cuándo “descubrieron” el surf, y por tanto, cómo , dónde y cuándo consiguieron o hicieron sus tablas de surf. Una vez comparada toda la información, ha sido posible formular un marco teórico y realizar una clasificación de acuerdo a cuatro tipos de modelo de génesis, basado en los diferentes grados de influencia extranjera: 1) génesis endógena (sin influencia extranjera); 2) quasi-endógena (influencia extranjera a través de los mass-media, pero los pioneros se hacen sus tablas); 3) exógena (los extranjeros influyen directamente en el inicio del surf); 4) mixta.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2016.04408

--------------------------------------------------------------------

References/referencias

Acosta, J. (1792). Historia natural y moral de las Indias. Tomo I. Madrid: Pantaleón Aznar editor.

Alexander, J.E. (1837). Narrative of a Voyage of Observation among the Colonies of Western Africa, in the Flag–Ship Thalia; and of a Campaign in Kaffir– Land, on the  Staff of the Commander–in–Chief in 1835. London: H. Colburn.

Almeida, A. (2014). La influencia Cubana en la introducción del Baseball en las Islas Canarias. Materiales para la Historia del Deporte, 12, 71-81.

Arranz, J. (2014). Las aportaciones de la colonia industrial escocesa en la génesis del fútbol en Cataluña (1880-1906). Materiales para la Historia del Deporte, 12, 1-22.

Banks, J. (2006). The Endeavour Journal of Sir Joseph Banks. Teddington: The Echo Library.

Bas, A. (2011). Los hermanos Gulley. In: Carrasco, P. & García, J.R. (Eds). Cultura surf. Luanco: Museo Marítimo de Asturias, 27-30.

Bolton, C.H. (1891). Some Hawaiian Pastimes. The Journal of American Folklore, 12(4), 21-26.

Booth, D. (1999). Surfing: The Cultural and Technological Determinants of a Dance. Culture, Sport, Society, 1(2), 36-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14610989908721828

Buckley, R. (2002). Surf Tourism and Sustainable Development in Indo-Pacific Islands. The Industry and the Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(10), 405-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667176

Busto, J. & Galeiras, M. (Ed). (2012). Pantín Classic, 25 años de historia. A Coruña: Diputación Provincial de A Coruña.

Carrasco, P. &  García, J. (Eds). (2011). Cultura surf. Luanco: Museo Marítimo de Asturias.

Clark, J. (2011). Hawaiian Surfing: Traditions from the Past. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Crowe, E. & Waldrep, R. (2007). Surfer of the Century: The Life of Duke Kahanamoku. Lee & Low, New York.

Culin, S. (1899). Hawaiian Games. American Anthropologist, 2(1), 201-47.

Dionisio, P.; Leal, C. & Moutinho, L. (2008). A Phenomenological Research Study on Sports Fandom in Portugal: A Comparative Study of Surfing and Football. Journal of Euromarketing, 3-4(17), 233-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496480802640353

Echegaray, L. & Troitiño, M. (2007). Lo que han traído las olas: una  historia de surf en Zarautz. Zarautz: Ayuntamiento de Zarautz, Dirección de Cultura.

Elejoste, J.L. (1990). Entrevista a José Luis Elejoste. Marejada Surf,  1(1), 12-3.

Ellis, W. (1823). A Journal of a Tour around Hawai'i, the Largest of the Sandwich Islands. New York: Crocker and Brewster.

Ellis, W. (1832). Polynesian researches during a residence of nearly eight years in the Society and Sandwich Islands. Vol. 3. New York: Fisher, Son &Jackson.

Esparza, D. (2011). De Hawái al Mediterráneo: La génesis del surf en España. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 26(7), 370-383.

Esparza, D. (2013). La historia del surf en España: de las primeras expediciones al Pacífico a los años 70. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci.

Evers, C. (2004). Men Who Surf. Cultural Studies Review, 1(10), 27-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v10i1.3519

Finney, B. & Houston, J. (1996). Surfing: A History of the Ancient Hawaiian Sport. San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbooks.

Ford, N. & Brown, D. (2012). Surfing and Social Theory. Experience, Embodiment and Narrative of the Dream Glide. New York: Routledge.

Gardinier,  A. (2004). Les Tontons Surfeurs. Anglet: Atlántica.

Gonfaus, A. (2006). Surfers: una visión antropológica de la cultura del surf. San Sebastián: Zoe.

Hall, S. K. (1996). Memories of Duke: The Legend Comes to Life: Duke Paoa Kahanamoku, 1890-1968. Bess Press, Honolulu.

Henderson, M. (2001). A Shifting Line up: Men, Women, and Tracks Surfing Magazine. Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 3(15), 319-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304310120086803

Irwin, J. (1973). Surfing: The natural History of a Urban Scene. Urban Life and Culture, 2(2), 131-160.

Jarratt, P. (2012). Surfing Australia. The Complete History of Surfboard Riding in Australia. London: Hardie Grant, 2012.

Jauregui, M. (2011). Rodiles y Colunga, primeras experiencias, in: Carrasco P. & García, J. (Eds). Cultura surf. Luanco: Museo Marítimo de Asturias, 55-58.

Jirásek, I. (2015). Religion, Spirituality, and Sport:From Religio Athletae Toward Spiritus Athletae. Quest, 67, 290–299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2015.1048373

King J. and Cook, J. (1784). A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean Undertaken by Command of  his Majesty For Making Discoveries in The Northern Hemisphere Performed Under Captains Cooke, Clerke, Gore in Years 1776, 1777, 1778, and 1780, being a copious and Satisfactorary Abridgement. London: G. Nicholl & T. Cadell.

Kreeft, P. (2008). I Surf Therefore I Am. A Philosophy of Surfing. South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press.

Mansfield, R. (2009). Surfing Tribe: A History of Surfing in Britain. Newquay: Orca publications.

Mañas, A. (2013). Gladiadores: el gran espectáculo de Roma. Barcelona: Ariel.

Moore, M.S. (2010). Sweetness and Blood: How Surfing Spread from Hawaii and California to the Rest of the World, with Some Unexpected Results. New York: Rodale Books.

Molina-Torn, A. (2013). Informe Portugal: Pedro Martins de Lima, el pionero del surf portugués. Stafmagazine, 24.3.2013. On Line: (25.10.2014).
http://stafmagazine.com/features/pedromartinsdelima/

Morillo, Guillermo: entrevista (2006). Historia del surfing andaluz. El nuevo site de Skater­ and (On line: 17.3.2010).
http://www.pobladores.com/channels/deportes/skater_and/area/33

Morrison, J. (1935). Journal of James Morrison, Boatswain's Mate of the Bounty. London:   Golden Cockerel Press.

Moser, P. (ed), (2008). Pacific Passages: An Anthology of Surf Writing. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i.

Nendel, J. (2009). Surfing in Early Twentieth-Century Hawai’i: The Appropriation of a Transcendent Experience to Competitive American Sport. The Internatinal Journal of the History of Sport, 16(26), 2432-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360903457049

Nunes, JM.; Mendes, S. & Jorge, JP. (2015). Surf: Royal Sport for the Natural Kings of Earth. Uma perspectiva histórica. In Pinto, L. The Book of Tourism Vs Heritage International Point of View. Várzea da Raínha: International Conference on Tourism  Vs Heritage, 202-219.

Olive, R., L. McCuaig & M. G. Phillips. (2015). Women’s recreational surfing: A patronizing experience. Sport, Education and Society, 2(20), 258-276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2012.754752

Osmond, G. (2011). Myth-making in Australian Sport History: Re-evaluating Duke Kahanamoku’s Contribution to Surfing. Australian Historical Studies, 2(42), 260-272.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1031461X.2010.529922

Pellón, J. (ed). (2009). Historia del surfing en Cantabria. Santander: Cantabria Tradicional.

Pujadas, X. & Santacana, C. (2003). El club deportivo como marco de sociabilidad en España. Una visión histórica (1850-1975). Hispania, 214(63), 505-522.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/hispania.2003.v63.i214.222

Rocha, J. (2008). Historia do surf em Portugal: As Origens. Lisboa: Quimera.

Rutsky, R.L. (1999). Surfing the Other: Ideology on the Beach. Film Quartely, 4(52), 12-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1213771

Serrano, L.M. (2009). Luis Miguel Serrano. In: Pellón, J. (Ed). Historia del surfing en Cantabria. Santander: Cantabria tradicional, 54-5.

Taylor, B. (2007). Surfing into Spirituality: a new Aquatic Nature Religion. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 4(75), 923-51.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfm067

Thorne, T. (1976). Legends of the Surfer Subculture. Western Folklore, 3(35), 209-217.

Torrebadella-Flix, X & Ticó-Camí, J. (2014). Notas para la historia del centenario del baloncesto español Un deporte escolar y  popular para ambos sexos (1897-1938). Revista de Ciencias del Deporte, 3(10), 177-98.

Torrebadella-Flix, X. (2012). Orígenes del fútbol en Barcelona, (1892-1903). Rycide: Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 27(8), 80-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2012.02706

Waitt, G. (2008).  Killing Waves: Surfing, Space & Gender. Social and Cultural Geography, 1(9), 75-94.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649360701789600

Walker, I. H. (2011). Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in the Twentieh-Century Hawai’i. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

Warshaw, M. (2010). The History of Surfing. San Francisco: Chronicle books.

Westwick, P. & Neushul, P. (2013). The World in the Curl. An Unconventional History of Surfing. New York: Crown Publishers.