Se valoró el efecto agudo del estiramiento sobre el rendimiento en la flexión máxima de tronco y sprint de 10 y 30 metros en jugadores de fútbol de división de honor. Se realizó un estudio aleatorio controlado de medidas repetidas, en el que participaron 28 varones jugadores de fútbol (edad 17,6 ± 0,8 años; peso 71,96 ± 7,9 kg; talla 177,66 ± 5,85 cm). Todos los sujetos fueron aleatoriamente distribuidos en 3 grupos: estiramientos estáticos-pasivos (n=9), estiramientos estáticos-activos (n=11) y estiramientos dinámicos (n=8). Todos los grupos realizaron un calentamiento estándar de 10 minutos de carrera, seguido de la valoración de la flexión máxima de tronco y del tiempo en el sprint de 10 y 30 metros parado y lanzado. Estas pruebas de valoración fueron repetidas después de que cada sujeto completase la rutina de estiramientos que previamente le fue asignada. Todos los grupos consiguieron un aumento de la distancia alcanzada en la flexión de tronco (p menor que 0.05), sin embargo, tan solo el grupo de estiramientos dinámicos no mostró un descenso en el rendimiento del sprint en cualquiera de sus variantes analizadas (p menor que 0.05). Por ello se recomienda la realización de estiramientos dinámicos como parte fundamental del calentamiento previo a una actuación deportiva.

Palabras clave: estiramientos; fútbol; calentamiento; sprint; rendimiento.

Abstract

The acute effect of stretching on maximum trunk flexion and 10 and 30 meters sprint performances was measured in honour division soccer players. A random controlled repeated measures design was used and 28 honour division soccer players participated in this study (age 17,6 ± 0,8 years; weight 71,96 ± 7,9 kg; height 177,66 ± 5,85 cm). All subjects were assigned randomly to 3 groups: passive static stretch (n=9), active-static stretch (n=11) and dynamic stretch (n=8). All groups performed a standard 10 minute jog warm-up, followed by maximum trunk flexion and stationary and flying 10 and 30 meters sprint time measurements. These measurement tasks were repeated after each subject completed his stretching protocol previously assigned. All groups obtained a improvement in trunk flexion distance (p less than 0.05), however, only dynamic stretch group did not show a decrease in sprint performance in any of tested variants. Therefore, it recommended perform dynamic stretching as fundamental part of warm-up subsequent sport events.

Key words: stretching; soccer; warm-up; sprint; performance.

doi:10.5232/ricyde2010.01801

Texto completo en PDF

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Referencias/references

Avela, J.; Finni, T.; Liikavainio, T.; Niemela, E. y Komi, P. (2004). Neural and mechanical responses of the triceps surae muscle group after 1 h of repeated fast passive stretches. Journal of Applied Physiologic, 96, 2325–2332.
doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01010.2003
PMid:14966020

Avela, J.; Kyrolainen, H. y Komi, P.V. (1999). Altered reflex sensitivity after repeated and prolonged passive muscle stretching. Journal of Applied Physiologic. 86(4), 1283–1291.
PMid:10194214

Bandy, W.D. y Irion, J.M. (1994). The effect of time on static stretch on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Physical Therapy, 74(9), 845-850.
PMid:8066111

Bandy, W.D.; Irion, J.M. y Briggler, M. (1997). The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Physical therapy, 77, 1090-1096.
PMid:9327823

Bangsbo, J.; Nooregard, L. y Thorsoe F. (1991). Activity profile of competition soccer. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 16, 110-116.
PMid:1647856

Bazett-Jones, D.M.; Gibson, M.H. y McBride, J.M. (2008). Sprint and vertical jump performances are not affected by six weeks of static hamstring stretching. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(1), 25-31.
doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815f99a4
PMid:18296952

Beedle, B.; Leydig, S. y Carnucci, J. (2007). No differences in pre- and postexercise stretching on flexibility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(1), 780-783.
PMid:17685710

Bosco, C.; Ito, A.; Komi, P.; Luhtanen, P.V.; Rahkila, P.; Rusko, H. y Viitasalo, J.T. (1982). Neuromuscular function and mechanical efficiency of human leg extensor muscles during jumping exercices. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 114, 543-550.
doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07022.x
PMid:7136782

Christou, M.; Smilios, I.; Sotiropoulos, K; Volaklis, K.; Pilianidis, T. y Tokmakidis, S.P. (2006). Effects of resistance training on the physical capacities of adolescent soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(4), 783-791.
PMid:17194231

Chung, P.K. y Yuen, C.K. (1999). Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach tests in university men in Hong Kong. Perceptual Motor Skills, 88, 304-316.
doi:10.2466/PMS.88.1.304-316
PMid:10214658

Church, B.J.; Wiggins, M.S.; Moode, M.F. y Crist, R. (2001). Effect of warm-up and flexibility treatments on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(3), 332-336.
PMid:11710660

Cornwell, A.; Nelson, A.G. y Sidaway, B. (2002). Acute effects of stretching on the neuromechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle complex. European Journal of Applied Physiologic, 86, 428-434
doi:10.1007/s00421-001-0565-1
PMid:11882929

Cramer, J.T.; Beck, T.W.; Housh, T.J.; Massey, L.L.; Marek, S.M.; Danglemeier, S.; Purkayastha, S.; Culbertson, J.Y.; Fitz, K. y Egan, A. (2007). Acute effects of static stretching on characteristics of the isokinetic angle–torque relationship, surface electromyography, and mechanomyography. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(6), 687-698.
doi:10.1080/02640410600818416
PMid:17454536

Fletcher, I. y Anness, R. (2007). The acute effects of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fifty-meter sprint performance in track-and-field athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 784-787.
PMid:17685686

Fletcher, I.M. y Jones, B. (2004). The effect of different warm-up stretch protocols on 20 meter sprint performance in trained rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18, 885-888.
PMid:15574098

Fowles, J.R.; Sale, D.G. y MacDougall, J.D. (2000). Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantarflexors. Journal of Applied Physiologic, 89, 1179-1188.
PMid:10956367

Hayes, P.R. y Walter, A. (2007). Pre-exercise stretching does not impact upon running economy. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1227-1232.
PMid:18076223

Hui, S.C. y Yuen, P.Y. (1998). Comparing the validity and reliability of the modified back saver sit-reach test and four other protocols. Medicine y Science in Sports y Exercise, 30(5), suppl, P320.
doi:10.1097/00005768-199805001-01816

Hui, S.C. y Yuen, P.Y. (2000). Validity of the modified back-saver sit-and-reach test: a comparison with other protocols. Medicine Science and Sports Exercise, 32, 1655-1659.
doi:10.1097/00005768-200009000-00021

Jones, A.M. (2002). Running economy is negatively related to sit-and-reach test performance in international-standard distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23, 40-43.
doi:10.1055/s-2002-19271
PMid:11774065

Kokkonen, J.; Nelson, A.G. y Cornwell, A. (1998). Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance, Research Quarterly from Exercise and Sport, 69, 411–415.
PMid:9864760

Kubo, K.; Kanehisa, H. y Fukunaga T. (2001) Effects of different duration isometric contractions on tendon elasticity in human quadriceps muscles. Journal of Physiologic, 15, 649–655.
doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0649c.xd
PMid:11600697    PMCid:2278867

Little, T. y Williams, A.G. (2006). Effects of differential stretching protocols during warm-ups on high-speed motor capacities in professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(1), 203-207.
PMid:16503682

Magnusson, S.P. (1998). Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 8, 65-77.
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00171.x

Marek, S.M.; Cramer, J.T.; Fincher, A.L.; Massey, L.L.; Dangelmater, S.M.; Purkayastha, S.; Fitz, K.A. y Culbertson, J.Y. (2005). Acute effects of static and propioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle strength and power output. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(2), 94-103.
PMid:15970955    PMCid:1150232

McNair, P.J.; Dombroski, E.W.; Hewson, D.J. y Stanley, S.N. (2000). Stretching at the ankle joint: viscoelastic responses to holds and continuous passive motion. Medicine Science and Sports Exercise, 33(3), 354-358.
doi:10.1097/00005768-200103000-00003
PMid:11252058

Murphy, A.J. y Wilson, G.J. (1997). The Ability of Tests of Muscular Function to Reflect Training Induced Changes in performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15, 191-200.
doi:10.1080/026404197367461

Nelson, A. G. y Kokkonen, J. (2001). Acute ballistic muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 415-419.
PMid:11770791

Nelson, A.G.; Driscoll, N.M.; Landin, D.K.; Young, M.A. y Schexnayder, I.C. (2005). Acute effects of passive muscle stretching on sprint performance. Journal of Sports Science, 23(5), 449-454.
doi:10.1080/02640410410001730205
PMid:16194993

Nelson, A.G.; Kokkonen, J. y Arnall, D.A. (2005). Acute muscle stretching inhibits muscle strength endurance performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 338-343.
PMid:15903372

Ogura, Y.; Miyahara, Y.; Naito, H.; Katamoto, S. y Auki, J. (2007). Duration of static stretching influences muscle force production in hamstring muscles. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 788-792.
PMid:17685679

Power, K.; Behm, D.; Cahill, F.; Carroll, M. y Young, W. (2004). An acute bout of static stretching: effects on force and jumping performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(8), 1389–1396.
doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000135775.51937.53

Rubini, E.C.; Costa, A.L. y Gomes, P.S. (2007). The effects of stretching on strength performance. Sports Medicine, 37(3), 213-224.
doi:10.2165/00007256-200737030-00003
PMid:17326697

Shellock, F.G. y Prentice, W. E. (1985). Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports Medicine, 2, 267-278.
doi:10.2165/00007256-198502040-00004
PMid:3849057

Sullivan, M.K.; Dejulia, J.J. y Worrell, T.W. (1992). Effect of pelvic position and stretching method on hamstring muscle flexibility. Medicine y Science in Sports y Exercise, 24, 1383-1389.
doi:10.1249/00005768-199212000-00012

Vetter, R.E. (2007). Effects of six Warm-up protocols on sprint and jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 819-823.
PMid:17685698

Wilson, G.J.; Murphy, A.J. y Pryor, J.F. (1994). Musculotendinous stiffness: Its relationship to eccentric, isometric and concentric performance. Journal of Applied Physiologic, 76, 2714-2719.
PMid:7928905

Wilson, G.J.; Wood, G.A. y Elliott, B.C. (1991). The relationship between stiffness of the musculature and static flexibility: an alternative explanation for the occurrence of muscular injury. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(4), 403–407.
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024702
PMid:1917225

Winters, M.V.; Blake, C.G.; Trost, J.S.; Marcello-Binker, T.B.; Lowe, L.; Garber, M.B. y Wainner, R.S. (2004). Passive versus active stretching of hip flexor muscles in subjects with limited hip extension: A randomized clinical trial. Physical therapy, 84(9), 800-807.
PMid:15330693

Yamaguchi, T.; Ishii, K.; Yamanaka, M. y Yasuda, K. (2006). Acute effect of static stretching on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(4), 804-810.
PMid:17194246

Young, W. y Elliot, S. (2001). Acute effects of static stretching, propioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching and maximum voluntary contractions on explosive force production and jumping performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 273-279.
PMid:11561392

------------------------------------------------------------------