La alta exigencia en los deportistas de élite hace cada vez más necesario controlar el proceso de adaptación al entrenamiento. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la información biológica de un análisis de sangre, al objeto de obtener información de la carga de entrenamiento en atletas de resistencia. La mayor parte de los parámetros sanguíneos han sido empleados, más que para determinar el proceso del entrenamiento, precisamente, para lo opuesto: el sobreentrenamiento. La concentración en plasma de sustratos metabólicos (glucosa y ácidos grasos) no son parámetros que puedan utilizarse para controlar el entrenamiento, debido a las bajas especificidad y sensibilidad. No obstante, la concentración de determinados enzimas que intervienen en la utilización de los sustratos puede ser importante. Valores de creatín kinasa superiores a 200 U/l en una persona sana sugiere claramente que la carga de entrenamiento total de una determinada sesión ha sido elevada. La concentración en plasma de algún producto de degradación del catabolismo también puede señalar la adaptación del organismo al entrenamiento. La concentración de ácido láctico en plasma es la herramienta más común en la valoración de la carga de entrenamiento. La concentración de urea es un buen marcador biológico de la carga de entrenamiento. Valores superiores a 8 mmol/l en varones y de 6,5 mmol/l en mujeres, indican que el entrenamiento ha sido muy intenso. La determinación de otros productos (amonio) o sustratos (glutamina) se han utilizado para detectar el sobreentrenamiento.

Palabras clave/key words: entrenamiento | rendimiento | control biologico | training | performance | biological control

Abstract

The high exigency in the elite sportsmen does more necessary to control the process of training adaptation. The purpose of this review is to analyze the biological information of a blood analysis to obtain data of load training in endurance athletes. Most blood parameters has been used to evaluate the overtraining state instead of determining the training process. The plasma concentrations of metabolic substrates (glucose and fatty acids) are not parameters that can be used to control the training, due to their low specificity and sensitivity. However, the concentration of certain enzymes that takes part in the use of the substrates can be important. Creatin kinase values higher than 200 U/l, in healthy persons suggest that the total load of the training session has been elevated. The plasma concentration of some product of catabolism can also indicate the adaptation of the organism to the training. Lactic concentration in plasma is used frequently in the control of training load. The urea concentration is a good biological marker of training load. Higher values than 8 mmol/l in male and of 6.5 mmol/l in female, indicate that the training has been very hard. The determination of other products (ammonium) or substrates (glutamine) has been used to detect the overtraining.

doi:10.5232/ricyde2006.00205

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